What is the name of the process that breaks down hydrocarbons to produce smaller, more useful molecules?

The process that breaks down hydrocarbons to produce smaller, more useful molecules is known as cracking. Cracking is essential in the oil refining industry as it allows for larger, less useful hydrocarbons, such as those found in crude oil, to be converted into smaller and more valuable products like gasoline, diesel, and other petrochemicals.

This transformation occurs through the application of heat and sometimes catalysts, facilitating the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the hydrocarbon chains. The result is a range of smaller hydrocarbons that are more useful for various energy and chemical applications.

The other processes listed do not pertain to the breakdown of hydrocarbons. Distillation is primarily a separation technique used to separate components of a mixture based on different boiling points. Reformation refers to the process of converting straight-chain hydrocarbons into more complex structures to improve fuel quality. Fermentation is a biological process where sugars are converted into alcohol or acids through the action of microorganisms, which is unrelated to the breakdown of hydrocarbons.