How is copper typically obtained from the products of phytomining or bioleaching?

Copper obtained through phytomining or bioleaching is typically extracted using processes such as electrolysis or displacement with scrap iron.

In phytomining, plants are used to absorb copper from the soil. Once the plants are harvested, the copper can be extracted from them, usually by incinerating the biomass to produce ash that contains copper compounds. The copper can then be dissolved in a liquid, leading to the possibility of electrolysis, which involves passing an electric current through the solution to separate the copper ions and deposit pure copper metal.

In bioleaching, bacteria are employed to break down ore materials and release metal ions into solution. Again, these ions can be further treated by electrolysis, where an electrical current facilitates the deposition of copper from the solution, resulting in high-purity copper.

Displacement with scrap iron also plays a role in extracting copper. When scrap iron is introduced to a solution containing copper ions, the iron competes with the copper ions, displacing them and precipitating copper metal out of the solution.

This method is effective because it not only recovers copper from low-grade ores or waste products but also takes advantage of more sustainable practices compared to traditional mining techniques.